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      <h4 style="color:inherit;margin:1.414em 0 .5em;font-weight:400;line-height:1.25em;font-size:1.275em;mso-line-height-alt:1.275em;margin-top:0;font-family:'Andale Mono', 'Lucida Console', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace;letter-spacing:.04em;text-align:center;"><strong>Special Edition: News Monitor<br>28 November 2025</strong></h4><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:center;" class=""><em>Le bulletin dans son intégralité en français est disponible sous la version anglaise.</em></p><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;" class=""> </p>
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      <p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:right;" class=""><em>If you were forwarded this email, you can subscribe <a href="https://www.paema.ngo/drc-news-monitor#subscriber" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;">here</a>. // Si ce mail vous a été transféré, vous pouvez vous abonner <a href="https://www.paema.ngo/drc-news-monitor#subscriber" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;">ici</a>.</em></p>
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<table role="presentation" width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" bgcolor="transparent" class="text-section section-content">
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      <ul data-rte-list="default" style="padding-left:25px;"><li style="font-weight:normal;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:15px;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;" class="">On 15 November 2025, representatives for the Democratic Republic of Congo and M23/AFC signed a <a href="https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/45656-doc-2025.11.15_-_SIGNED_Framework_Peace_Agreement_FR.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">Framework for Peace Agreement</span></a> in Doha (Qatar), a new milestone in the ongoing peace process facilitated by Qatar. The framework includes eight protocols that need to be fulfilled to reach a final peace deal between the two parties.</p></li><li style="font-weight:normal;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:15px;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;" class="">In parallel, on 7 November, representatives for the DRC and for Rwanda gathered in D.C. initialed the text of the <a href="https://www.state.gov/releases/office-of-the-spokesperson/2025/11/joint-statement-on-the-fourth-joint-oversight-committee-for-the-peace-agreement" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">Regional Economic Integration Framework</span></a> (REIF). The U.S. is hoping to get President Kagame and President Tshisekedi’s signature on the deal in the coming weeks.&nbsp;</p></li><li style="font-weight:normal;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:15px;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;" class="">Though these steps can be seen as positive developments, they hide an underwhelming reality: on the ground, fighting continues unabated and shows no sign of stopping, civilians paying the price. Meanwhile, the U.S. refuses to use its sanction apparatus to put meaningful pressure on the parties, most notably Rwanda, whose continued support for M23 meets no significant pushback.</p></li><li style="font-weight:normal;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:15px;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;" class="">This special edition examines the shortcomings of these diplomatic milestones. You can read <a href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/66ad0be8ed0f4b24dda66a3a/t/69207b34bff6fa6324d0df9c/1763736372530/Statement+2+on+the+REIF+and+Doha+Framework+for+Peace+%5BEN%5D+%281%29.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">PAEMA’s statement in response to the signing of the Framework and the REIF here</span></a>.</p></li></ul>
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    <table role="presentation" width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" align="center" class="side-layout" style="width:100% !important;"><tbody><tr><td class="section-text-cell" style="padding-top:22px;padding-right:22px;padding-bottom:22px;padding-left:22px;">
      <div class="section-caption-text" style="position:relative;"><p class="" style="font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;color:#313131;"><strong>UPCOMING EVENT<br></strong>PAEMA is hosting a virtual civil society-focused convening on responsible critical minerals investment in the DRC on 8 December. Find the event page with more details and registration <a href="https://www.paema.ngo/critical-mineral-webinar" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><strong><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">here</span></strong></a>.</p></div>
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<table role="presentation" width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" bgcolor="#FAF9F4" class="text-section section-content">
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    <td valign="top" class="section-text-area section-content-cell" style="padding-top:33px;padding-right:32px;padding-bottom:28px;padding-left:12px;color:#313131;background-color:#faf9f4;">
      <h3 style="color:inherit;margin:1.414em 0 .5em;font-weight:400;font-size:1.53em;mso-line-height-alt:1.53em;font-family:'Andale Mono', 'Lucida Console', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace;letter-spacing:-.02em;text-align:center;line-height:1.38;margin-top:18pt;margin-bottom:4pt;"><strong>The Doha Framework Agreement &amp; The Regional Economic Integration Framework</strong></h3><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;" class="">On 15 November 2025, the Democratic Republic of Congo and the Rwanda-backed M23 rebel group signed a <a href="https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/45656-doc-2025.11.15_-_SIGNED_Framework_Peace_Agreement_FR.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">Framework Agreement</span></a> in Doha, Qatar, establishing a roadmap for comprehensive peace negotiations. Eight days earlier, on 7 November, technical delegations from the DRC and Rwanda initialed the Regional Economic Integration Framework (REIF) in Washington, D.C., a significant economic component of the broader peace process. These developments come nearly five months after the <a href="https://www.paema.ngo/campaigns/view-campaign/azTd9LxS7N-nS-b7mkvrwtY3zQpOg4KSJmXcXBGol53k1BlNhxmkWhRy0GGh6PZUJJwqTxIocQUKEVGnJ_5Y6mnh8rcXAQ52" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">Washington Peace Agreement was signed on 27 June 2025</span></a>. The below provides an overview of the Doha framework and REIF, examines systematic violations of earlier protocols, outlines available U.S. leverage through sanctions, and maps out what comes next.</p>
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<table role="presentation" width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" bgcolor="#FAF9F4" class="text-section section-content">
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    <td valign="top" class="section-text-area section-content-cell" style="padding-top:33px;padding-right:32px;padding-bottom:28px;padding-left:12px;color:#313131;background-color:#faf9f4;">
      <h4 style="color:inherit;margin:1.414em 0 .5em;font-weight:400;line-height:1.25em;font-size:1.275em;mso-line-height-alt:1.275em;margin-top:0;font-family:'Andale Mono', 'Lucida Console', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace;letter-spacing:.04em;text-align:center;"><strong>WHAT DOES THE NEWLY SIGNED DOHA AGREEMENT ENTAIL?</strong></h4><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;" class="">The Doha Framework for a Comprehensive Peace Agreement establishes eight implementation protocols between the DRC government and the AFC (<em>Alliance Fleuve Congo, </em>Congo River Alliance)/M23 rebel coalition. Of these, two have already been signed: a prisoner exchange agreement (14 September 2025) and a ceasefire verification mechanism agreement (<a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/congo-m23-sign-deal-doha-ceasefire-monitoring-sources-say-2025-10-14/" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">14 October 2025</span></a>). The framework outlines six additional protocols to be negotiated in coming weeks covering (1) humanitarian access and judicial protection, (2) return of state authority and governance reforms, (3) security measures and disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR), (4) integration, identity and citizenship (covering return of internally displaced persons and refugees), (5) economic development and resource management, and (6) truth and reconciliation.The framework is non-binding and does not alter territorial control in the short-to-medium term. Benjamin Mbonimpa, head of M23's delegation, stated that <a href="https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/drc-m23-doha-peace-framework-a-long-road-ahead-africa-file-special-edition" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">"the path is still long" and that each protocol must be completed before a final peace deal can be signed</span></a>.</p>
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      <h4 style="color:inherit;margin:1.414em 0 .5em;font-weight:400;line-height:1.25em;font-size:1.275em;mso-line-height-alt:1.275em;margin-top:0;font-family:'Andale Mono', 'Lucida Console', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace;letter-spacing:.04em;text-align:center;"><strong>THE REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION FRAMEWORK, OR THE ILLUSION OF PROGRESS</strong></h4><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;" class="">On 7 November 2025, during the fourth Joint Oversight Committee meeting in Washington, representatives from the DRC and Rwanda <a href="https://www.state.gov/releases/office-of-the-spokesperson/2025/11/joint-statement-on-the-fourth-joint-oversight-committee-for-the-peace-agreement" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">initialed the full text of the REIF</span></a>, the creation of which was among the provisions of the 27 June Washington peace agreement. The Trump administration is hoping to get President Kagame and President Tshisekedi’s signature on the deal in the coming weeks, though a date has been set and pushed back many times already.&nbsp; The text, which has not been made publicly available, outlines cooperation in a number of economic areas, including mining, infrastructure, energy, and industrial development. The REIF aims to create formal mining activities, strengthen regional value chains, and develop new infrastructure, with U.S. companies and investors playing a significant role (bilateral deals between the U.S. and DRC, and the U.S. and Rwanda have yet to be signed).&nbsp;</p><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;" class="">Critically, the REIF's implementation is contingent upon satisfactory execution of the Washington Peace Agreement's security provisions—specifically the neutralization of FDLR and the withdrawal of Rwandan forces. As the <a href="https://www.state.gov/releases/office-of-the-spokesperson/2025/11/joint-statement-on-the-fourth-joint-oversight-committee-for-the-peace-agreement" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">Joint Oversight Committee</span></a> acknowledged, there has been "lagging progress" in implementing the Washington Accord's security provisions. In sum, though this ‘initialing’ might be touted as a new milestone, it brings no substantial progress.</p>
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    <td valign="top" class="section-text-area section-content-cell" style="padding-top:22px;padding-right:32px;padding-bottom:27px;padding-left:12px;color:#313131;background-color:#faf9f4;">
      <h4 style="color:inherit;margin:1.414em 0 .5em;font-weight:400;line-height:1.25em;font-size:1.275em;mso-line-height-alt:1.275em;margin-top:0;font-family:'Andale Mono', 'Lucida Console', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace;letter-spacing:.04em;text-align:center;"><strong>SYSTEMIC CEASEFIRE VIOLATIONS AND A STALLING PRISONER EXCHANGE PROTOCOL</strong></h4><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;" class="">The Doha process began with a <a href="https://mofa.gov.qa/en/qatar/latest-articles/latest-news/details/2025/07/19/qatar-hosts-signing-of-declaration-of-principles-between-drc--march-23-movement" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">Declaration of Principles</span></a> signed on 19 July 2025, which included a commitment to a ceasefire. The ceasefire has since been violated countless times, by both parties, and the establishment of a <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/congo-m23-sign-deal-doha-ceasefire-monitoring-sources-say-2025-10-14/" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">ceasefire monitoring mechanism</span></a> in October seems to have had no practical effect on the continued fighting. Human Rights Watch and the <a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/08/drc-turk-appalled-attacks-against-civilians-rwandan-backed-m23-and-other" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">UN reported</span></a> that <a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/08/20/dr-congo-m23-mass-killings-near-virunga-national-park" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">M23 killed at least 140 civilians</span></a>, possibly over 300, during counter-FDLR operations in Rutshuru in July. The ceasefire mechanism committee has met only once (5 November), and clashes continue between M23 and pro-Congolese government forces. President Tshisekedi himself conceded on 22 September 2025 that the Washington Accord "<a href="https://www.theafricareport.com/393083/eastern-drc-felix-tshisekedi-accuses-rwanda-of-pretending-to-have-withdrawn-its-troops/" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">has not calmed the conflict</span></a>," accusing Rwanda of deepening its support for M23 rather than withdrawing.</p><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;" class="">The <a href="https://x.com/US_SrAdvisorAF/status/1966505628160954775" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">prisoner exchange protocol</span></a>, signed on 14 September, remains unimplemented due to technical disagreements. The DRC demands the release of approximately 1,500 Congolese Army (FARDC) troops sent to M23 training camps in early 2025. While both sides signed technical exchange agreements with the International Committee of the Red Cross, the ICRC will only facilitate swaps after both sides approve each other's prisoner lists, a condition that has not been met.&nbsp;</p><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;" class="">Far from disengaging, M23 has significantly expanded its forces and territorial ambitions, <a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/08/20/dr-congo-m23-mass-killings-near-virunga-national-park" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">recruiting over 7,000 fighters since mid-2025</span></a>, with reports of forced conscription. The group may have doubled or quadrupled its fighting force since early 2025 and has established parallel state structures in territories under its control, <a href="https://africa-eye.com/en/2025/11/04/m23-recruits-hundreds-of-judges-to-cement-control-in-eastern-drc/" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">including recruitment of more than 370 officials who will serve as magistrates and judge</span></a>s in M23-controlled courts. M23 has shown no willingness to disarm and has shifted rhetoric from seeking integration into FARDC to declaring it will "i<a href="https://kivutoday.com/afc-m23-claims-7400-fardc-soldiers-have-defected-announces-plans-for-new-army/" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">ntegrate the FARDC</span></a>" under any peace deal.</p>
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    <td valign="top" class="section-text-area section-content-cell" style="padding-top:22px;padding-right:32px;padding-bottom:26px;padding-left:12px;color:#313131;background-color:#faf9f4;">
      <h4 style="color:inherit;margin:1.414em 0 .5em;font-weight:400;line-height:1.25em;font-size:1.275em;mso-line-height-alt:1.275em;margin-top:0;font-family:'Andale Mono', 'Lucida Console', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace;letter-spacing:.04em;text-align:center;"><strong>WASHINGTON’S RELUCTANCE TO DEPLOY SANCTIONS EMBOLDENS CONFLICT PARTIES</strong></h4><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;" class="">The contrast between U.S. sanctions policy toward Russia versus Rwanda raises fundamental questions about a true commitment to the peace process. Following Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, the U.S., United Kingdom, and the European Union imposed extensive sanctions that remain in place today. The U.S. has <a href="https://ofac.treasury.gov/sanctions-programs-and-country-information/ukraine-russia-related-sanctions" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">sanctioned the Russian Central Bank</span></a>,&nbsp; individuals and entities in Russia’s defense industry, banking sector, and energy revenues. In October 2025, the U.S. imposed direct sanctions on <a href="https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20251022" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">Russia's two largest oil companies</span></a> (Rosneft and Lukoil) after failed peace negotiations.</p><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;" class="">In contrast, U.S. sanctions on Rwanda have been narrowly targeted and have not included punitive economic measures. In February 2025, the U.S. sanctioned <a href="https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0022" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">Rwanda's Minister of State for Regional Integration James Kabarebe and M23 spokesperson Lawrence Kanyuka</span></a> for violence and human rights abuses. In August 2025, the U.S. sanctioned <a href="https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0221" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">entities linked to illegal mining and conflict minerals</span></a>, including Chinese companies trading with armed groups. Notably absent are sanctions on senior Rwandan leadership, including President Paul Kagame, sanctions on Rwanda's banking sector or Rwandan companies profiting from mineral smuggling, or restrictions on international financial transactions. A <a href="https://docs.un.org/en/s/2025/446" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">UN Group of Experts report</span></a>, published in July, said "Kigali's ultimate objective is control of Congolese territory and natural resources." The report documented systematic Rwandan command and control over M23, provision of high-tech weapons systems, and systematic arms embargo violations. If violations continue with <a href="https://www.booker.senate.gov/news/press/booker-kaine-lead-call-for-stronger-us-diplomacy-to-address-drc_-rwanda-crisis" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">no meaningful consequences</span></a> for the aggressors, what incentive exists for compliance?</p><p class="" style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The EU and UK have both utilized some measure of punitive action. The <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce8y5j49xgyo" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">UK suspended aid to Rwanda</span></a> in February, due to hostilities in DRC. The <a href="https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2025/03/17/democratic-republic-of-the-congo-eu-lists-further-nine-individuals-and-one-entity/" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">EU has sanctioned M23 leadership</span></a> and Rwanda mining companies but <a href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/66ad0be8ed0f4b24dda66a3a/t/6928c3e23dfcd05a5ba46d12/1764279266618/Votre%2BInaction%2BTue%2Ben%2BRDC%2BCommunique%CC%81%2Bde%2BLucha%2BPDF+%281%29.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">Congolese civil society say</span></a> more must be done to hold the perpetrators of violence responsible. Coordinated and comprehensive sanctions on the networks supporting and perpetrating the crimes in eastern DRC will have the greatest effect and are necessary for implementation of the protocols.</p>
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      <h4 style="color:inherit;margin:1.414em 0 .5em;font-weight:400;line-height:1.25em;font-size:1.275em;mso-line-height-alt:1.275em;margin-top:0;font-family:'Andale Mono', 'Lucida Console', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace;letter-spacing:.04em;text-align:center;"><strong>LOOKING AHEAD: THE COST OF INACTION</strong></h4><p class="" style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The Doha Framework and REIF signing represent diplomatic milestones, but the systematic violations of earlier protocols raise serious questions about the viability of the entire peace architecture. Without meaningful consequences for non-compliance, particularly regarding Rwanda's continued military involvement, these agreements risk joining the long list of failed accords that have characterized the region's 30-year conflict cycle. The contrast with U.S. sanctions policy toward Russia exposes a fundamental inconsistency in American foreign policy: aggressive punishment for adversaries, diplomatic patience for partners, regardless of the severity of violations. The international community risks normalizing a gradual erosion of DRC sovereignty by treating frameworks as accomplishments while armed groups retain de facto control and continue committing grave human rights violations. Without accountability, enforcement, and meaningful participation of affected communities, the Washington-Doha peace frameworks will remain paper agreements removed from reality on the ground.&nbsp;</p>
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      <p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:center;" class="">If there is anything specifically you would like to see from this newsletter or if you have any feedback, we would love to hear from you. Please write to us at <a href="mailto:drcnews@paema.ngo" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">drcnews@paema.ngo</span></a> or leave a comment through this <a href="https://forms.gle/cwxXqsJDkgpDZMZb7" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;">anonymous form</a>.</p>
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<table role="presentation" width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" bgcolor="transparent" class="text-section section-content">
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      <ul data-rte-list="default" style="padding-left:25px;"><li style="font-weight:normal;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:15px;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;" class="">Le 15 novembre 2025, à Doha (Qatar), les représentants de la République démocratique du Congo et du M23/AFC ont conclu <a href="https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/45656-doc-2025.11.15_-_SIGNED_Framework_Peace_Agreement_FR.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">un Accord-Cadre pour un accord de paix global</span></a>, marquant ainsi une étape importante dans le processus facilité par le Qatar. Ce cadre prévoit huit protocoles devant être mis en œuvre pour parvenir à un accord de paix définitif entre les deux parties.</p></li><li style="font-weight:normal;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:15px;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;" class="">Le 7 novembre, les délégations de la RDC et du Rwanda se sont réunies à Washington pour approuver le texte du <a href="https://www.state.gov/releases/office-of-the-spokesperson/2025/11/joint-statement-on-the-fourth-joint-oversight-committee-for-the-peace-agreement" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">Cadre d’intégration économique régionale (CIER)</span></a>. Les États-Unis espèrent obtenir dans les prochaines semaines la signature formelle des présidents Kagame et Tshisekedi.</p></li><li style="font-weight:normal;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:15px;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;" class="">Si ces avancées peuvent être interprétées comme des signaux positifs, elles occultent une situation préoccupante sur le terrain : les affrontements persistent à un rythme soutenu et aucun apaisement n'est constaté, entraînant de lourdes conséquences pour la population civile. Parallèlement, les États-Unis n'activent pas pleinement leur régime de sanctions pour accroître la pression sur les parties impliquées, notamment le Rwanda, dont le soutien continu au M23 ne fait l’objet d’aucune mesure coercitive d’envergure.</p></li><li style="font-weight:normal;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:15px;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;" class=""> édition spéciale examine les limites de ces avancées diplomatiques. Consultez ici<a href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/66ad0be8ed0f4b24dda66a3a/t/69207b34bff6fa6324d0df9c/1763736372530/Statement+2+on+the+REIF+and+Doha+Framework+for+Peace+%5BEN%5D+%281%29.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;"> la déclaration de PAEMA à la signature de l’Accord-Cadre de Doha et du CIER</span></a>.</p></li></ul>
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      <div class="section-caption-text" style="position:relative;"><p class="" style="font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;color:#313131;"><strong>Prochain événement<br></strong>Le 8 décembre, PAEMA organise une conférence virtuelle dédiée à la société civile, portant sur les investissements responsables dans le secteur des minerais critiques en RDC.<strong> </strong>Retrouvez sur <a href="https://www.paema.ngo/critical-mineral-webinar" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">cette page</span></a> toutes les informations détaillées ainsi que les modalités d’inscription à l’événement.</p></div>
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      <h4 style="color:inherit;margin:1.414em 0 .5em;font-weight:400;line-height:1.25em;font-size:1.275em;mso-line-height-alt:1.275em;margin-top:0;font-family:'Andale Mono', 'Lucida Console', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace;letter-spacing:.04em;text-align:center;"><strong>L’ACCORD-CADRE DE DOHA ET LE CADRE D’INTÉGRATION ÉCONOMIQUE RÉGIONALE</strong></h4><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;" class="">Le 15 novembre 2025, la République démocratique du Congo et le mouvement rebelle M23, soutenu par le Rwanda, ont signé à Doha, au Qatar, <a href="https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/45656-doc-2025.11.15_-_SIGNED_Framework_Peace_Agreement_FR.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">un Accord-Cadre établissant une feuille de route pour des négociations de paix globales</span></a>. Huit jours plus tôt, le 7 novembre, des délégations techniques de la RDC et du Rwanda avaient conclu à Washington le Cadre d’intégration économique régionale (CIER), un volet économique majeur du processus de paix. Ces avancées interviennent près de cinq mois après la signature, <a href="https://www.paema.ngo/campaigns/view-campaign/azTd9LxS7N-nS-b7mkvrwtY3zQpOg4KSJmXcXBGol53k1BlNhxmkWhRy0GGh6PZUJJwqTxIocQUKEVGnJ_5Y6mnh8rcXAQ52" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">le 27 juin 2025, de l’Accord de Washington</span></a>. La présente édition propose un aperçu de l’Accord-Cadre de Doha et du CIER, analyse les violations systématiques des protocoles antérieurs, revient sur les leviers de pression diplomatique dont disposent les États-Unis, notamment les sanctions, et détaille les prochaines étapes prévues.</p>
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    <td valign="top" class="section-text-area section-content-cell" style="padding-top:12px;padding-right:32px;padding-bottom:31px;padding-left:12px;color:#313131;background-color:#faf9f4;">
      <h4 style="color:inherit;margin:1.414em 0 .5em;font-weight:400;line-height:1.25em;font-size:1.275em;mso-line-height-alt:1.275em;margin-top:0;font-family:'Andale Mono', 'Lucida Console', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace;letter-spacing:.04em;text-align:center;"><strong>QUE PRÉVOIT L’ACCORD-CADRE DE DOHA NOUVELLEMENT SIGNÉ?</strong></h4><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;" class="">L’Accord-Cadre pour un accord de paix global prévoit huit protocoles de mise en œuvre entre le gouvernement congolais et l’alliance rebelle AFC/M23. À ce jour, deux d’entre eux ont déjà été signés: un accord d’échange de prisonniers (14 septembre 2025) et un mécanisme de vérification du cessez-le-feu (<a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/congo-m23-sign-deal-doha-ceasefire-monitoring-sources-say-2025-10-14/" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">14 octobre 2025</span></a>). Les six protocoles restants, qui doivent être négociés dans les prochaines semaines, portent sur; (i) l’accès humanitaire et la protection judiciaire; (ii) le retour de l’autorité de l’État et les réformes de gouvernance ; (iii) des dispositions en matière de sécurité, désarmement, démobilisation et réintégration (DDR) des groupes armés locaux et neutralisation des groupes armés étrangers; (iv) l’intégration, l’identité et la citoyenneté (incluant le retour des réfugiés et déplacés); (v) le développement économique et la gestion des ressources naturelles; et (vi) la vérité, la justice et la réconciliation. Cependant, cet accord demeure non contraignant et ne modifie en rien, à court ou moyen terme, les lignes de front. Benjamin Mbonimpa, le négociateur du M23, a d’ailleurs rappelé que « <a href="https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/drc-m23-doha-peace-framework-a-long-road-ahead-africa-file-special-edition" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">la route est encore longue</span></a> » et que chaque protocole doit faire l’objet d’une négociation complète avant la conclusion d’un accord de paix définitif.</p>
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    <td valign="top" class="section-text-area section-content-cell" style="padding-top:12px;padding-right:32px;padding-bottom:12px;padding-left:12px;color:#313131;background-color:#faf9f4;">
      <h4 style="color:inherit;margin:1.414em 0 .5em;font-weight:400;line-height:1.25em;font-size:1.275em;mso-line-height-alt:1.275em;margin-top:0;font-family:'Andale Mono', 'Lucida Console', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace;letter-spacing:.04em;text-align:center;"><strong>LE CADRE D’INTÉGRATION ÉCONOMIQUE RÉGIONALE (CIER), OU L’ILLUSION DU PROGRÉS</strong></h4><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;line-height:1.38;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:12pt;" class="">Le 7 novembre 2025, lors de la quatrième réunion du Comité conjoint de suivi à Washington, <a href="https://www.state.gov/releases/office-of-the-spokesperson/2025/11/joint-statement-on-the-fourth-joint-oversight-committee-for-the-peace-agreement" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">les représentants de la RDC et du Rwanda ont approuvé le texte intégral du CIER</span></a>, conformément aux dispositions de l’accord de Washington. L’administration Trump espère obtenir dans les semaines à venir la signature formelle des présidents Kagame et Tshisekedi, bien que la date prévue ait été reportée à plusieurs reprises.</p><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;line-height:1.38;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:12pt;" class="">Le texte du CIER, qui n’a pas encore été rendu public, établit les bases d’une coopération dans plusieurs secteurs économiques, notamment les mines, les infrastructures, l’énergie et le développement industriel. Le CIER vise à encadrer de manière formelle les activités minières, à renforcer les chaînes de valeur régionales et à développer de nouvelles infrastructures, avec une implication notable d’entreprises américaines, bien que les accords bilatéraux entre les États-Unis et les deux pays concernés restent à finaliser.</p><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;line-height:1.38;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:12pt;" class="">Cependant, la mise en œuvre reste conditionnée au respect des dispositions sécuritaires prévues par l’accord de Washington, en particulier la neutralisation des FDLR ainsi que le retrait des troupes rwandaises. <a href="https://www.state.gov/releases/office-of-the-spokesperson/2025/11/joint-statement-on-the-fourth-joint-oversight-committee-for-the-peace-agreement" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">Le Comité conjoint de suivi a d’ailleurs</span></a> souligné un « retard significatif » dans la réalisation de ces mesures. En conclusion, malgré les annonces, cette signature ne traduit pas une progression notable sur le fond.</p>
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      <h4 style="color:inherit;margin:1.414em 0 .5em;font-weight:400;line-height:1.25em;font-size:1.275em;mso-line-height-alt:1.275em;margin-top:0;font-family:'Andale Mono', 'Lucida Console', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace;letter-spacing:.04em;text-align:center;"><strong>VIOLATIONS SYSTÉMATIQUES DU CESSEZ-LE-FEU ET BLOCAGE DU PROTOCOLE D’ÉCHANGE DE PRISONNIERS</strong></h4><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;line-height:1.38;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:10pt;" class="">La processus de Doha a commencé avec <a href="https://mofa.gov.qa/en/qatar/latest-articles/latest-news/details/2025/07/19/qatar-hosts-signing-of-declaration-of-principles-between-drc--march-23-movement" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">la signature d’une Déclaration de principes</span></a> le 19 juillet 2025, comprenant notamment un engagement envers un cessez-le-feu. Celui-ci est depuis régulièrement violé par les deux parties, et la création <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/congo-m23-sign-deal-doha-ceasefire-monitoring-sources-say-2025-10-14/" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">d’un mécanisme de suivi</span></a> en octobre n’a eu aucun effet notable sur la poursuite des affrontements. Au mois d’août, <a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/08/20/dr-congo-m23-mass-killings-near-virunga-national-park" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">Human Rights Watch</span></a> et <a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/08/drc-turk-appalled-attacks-against-civilians-rwandan-backed-m23-and-other" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">l’ONU</span></a> ont signalé que le M23 aurait tué au moins 140 civils, voire plus de 300, lors d’opérations menées contre les FDLR à Rutshuru en juillet. À ce jour, le comité chargé du suivi du cessez-le-feu ne s’est réuni qu’une fois (le 5 novembre), alors même que les affrontements se poursuivent.</p><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;line-height:1.38;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:12pt;" class=""><a href="https://x.com/US_SrAdvisorAF/status/1966505628160954775" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">Le protocole d’échange de prisonniers</span></a>, conclu le 14 septembre, demeure inapplicable en raison de divergences techniques persistantes. Les autorités de Kinshasa conditionnent sa mise en œuvre à la libération d’environ 1 500 militaires des FARDC transférés début 2025 vers des centres de formation du M23. Le CICR, mandaté pour superviser ces échanges, n’engagera ses opérations qu’après validation consensuelle des listes de prisonniers, une étape qui reste à finaliser.</p><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;line-height:1.38;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:12pt;" class="">En réalité, loin de se désengager, le M23 a accru ses capacités opérationnelles et élargi son emprise territoriale. On estime que depuis la mi-2025, <a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/08/20/dr-congo-m23-mass-killings-near-virunga-national-park" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">plus de 7 000 nouveaux combattants ont rejoint ses rangs</span></a>, certains ayant été enrôlés de force. Ce renforcement aurait permis au groupe de doubler, voire de quadrupler, ses effectifs, tout en établissant des structures administratives parallèles, <a href="https://africa-eye.com/en/2025/11/04/m23-recruits-hundreds-of-judges-to-cement-control-in-eastern-drc/" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">incluant plus de 370 fonctionnaires chargés d'opérer un système judiciaire sous son contrôle</span></a>. Le M23 ne montre aucune volonté de déposer les armes et son discours a évolué : il n’aspire plus à être intégré dans les FARDC, mais déclare désormais qu’il «<a href="https://kivutoday.com/afc-m23-claims-7400-fardc-soldiers-have-defected-announces-plans-for-new-army/" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;"> intégrera les FARDC </span></a>» dans ses rangs dans le cadre d’un accord futur.</p>
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    <td valign="top" class="section-text-area section-content-cell" style="padding-top:12px;padding-right:32px;padding-bottom:12px;padding-left:12px;color:#313131;background-color:#faf9f4;">
      <h4 style="color:inherit;margin:1.414em 0 .5em;font-weight:400;line-height:1.25em;font-size:1.275em;mso-line-height-alt:1.275em;margin-top:0;font-family:'Andale Mono', 'Lucida Console', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace;letter-spacing:.04em;text-align:center;"><strong>L’ABSENCE DE PRESSION AMÉRICAINE VIA DES SANCTIONS CONTRIBUTE AU MAINTIEN DE L’IMPUNITÉ</strong></h4><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;line-height:1.38;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:12pt;" class="">Le&nbsp;contraste entre la politique de sanctions adoptée par les États-Unis à l’égard de la Russie et celle mise en œuvre envers le Rwanda soulève des questions fondamentales quant à l’engagement réel de Washington dans le processus de paix. Depuis l’invasion de l’Ukraine en février 2022, les États-Unis, le Royaume-Uni et l’Union européenne ont instauré des mesures restrictives d’envergure visant notamment <a href="https://ofac.treasury.gov/sanctions-programs-and-country-information/ukraine-russia-related-sanctions" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">la banque centrale de Russie</span></a> ainsi que ses secteurs bancaire, énergétique et de défense. En octobre 2025, ces sanctions ont été étendues pour inclure <a href="https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20251022" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">les géants pétroliers russes</span></a>, Rosneft et Lukoil.</p><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;line-height:1.38;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:12pt;" class="">En comparaison, les sanctions imposées au Rwanda restent limitées. En février 2025, Washington a ciblé <a href="https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0022" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">James Kabarebe, ministre d’État rwandais à l’Intégration régionale, ainsi que Lawrence Kanyuka</span></a>, porte-parole du M23. En août, des sanctions ont visé certaines <a href="https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0221" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">entités impliquées dans le commerce illicite de minerais</span></a>, notamment des entreprises chinoises liées à des groupes armés. Mais demeurent absentes : toute sanction visant les plus hauts responsables rwandais, incluant le président Paul Kagame ; toute mesure visant le secteur bancaire rwandais ; ou encore toute restriction financière à l’encontre d’entreprises tirant profit de la contrebande minière.</p><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;line-height:1.38;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:12pt;" class="">Selon <a href="https://docs.un.org/en/s/2025/446" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">un rapport du Groupe d’experts de l’ONU</span></a> publié en juillet, « l’objectif ultime de Kigali serait le contrôle de territoires et de ressources congolaises ». Le document détaille l’influence opérationnelle du Rwanda sur le M23, la fourniture d’armements sophistiqués ainsi que les violations systématiques de l’embargo sur les armes. <a href="https://www.booker.senate.gov/news/press/booker-kaine-lead-call-for-stronger-us-diplomacy-to-address-drc_-rwanda-crisis" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">Sans conséquences réelles</span></a>, quel intérêt les acteurs armés auraient-ils à respecter leurs engagements ?</p><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;line-height:1.38;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:12pt;" class="">L'Union européenne et le Royaume-Uni ont adopté des mesures plus fermes. En février, Londres a <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce8y5j49xgyo" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">suspendu son aide au Rwanda</span></a> en réponse aux tensions persistantes en RDC. Pour sa part, <a href="https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2025/03/17/democratic-republic-of-the-congo-eu-lists-further-nine-individuals-and-one-entity/" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">l’UE a pris des sanctions contre des cadres du M23 ainsi que plusieurs entreprises minières rwandaises</span></a>, bien que <a href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/66ad0be8ed0f4b24dda66a3a/t/69206cc5b51cff7dc98464e3/1763732677331/Votre+Inaction+Tue+en+RDC+Communique%CC%81+de+Lucha+PDF.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">la société civile congolaise juge ces</span></a> mesures encore insuffisantes. Pour garantir l’application effective de ces différents accords, il demeure crucial de poursuivre des sanctions coordonnées qui visent spécifiquement les réseaux responsables du financement et de la perpétuation des violences.</p>
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