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      <h4 style="color:inherit;margin:1.414em 0 .5em;font-weight:400;line-height:1.25em;font-size:1.275em;mso-line-height-alt:1.275em;margin-top:0;font-family:'Andale Mono', 'Lucida Console', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace;letter-spacing:.04em;text-align:center;"><strong>Special Edition: News Monitor<br>2 July 2025</strong></h4><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:center;" class=""><em>Le bulletin dans son intégralité en français est disponible sous la version anglaise.</em></p><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;" class=""> </p>
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      <p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:right;" class=""><em>If you were forwarded this email, you can subscribe <a href="https://www.paema.ngo/drc-news-monitor#subscriber" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;">here</a>. // Si ce mail vous a été transféré, vous pouvez vous abonner <a href="https://www.paema.ngo/drc-news-monitor#subscriber" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;">ici</a>.</em></p>
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<table role="presentation" width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" bgcolor="transparent" class="text-section section-content">
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    <td valign="top" class="section-text-area section-content-cell" style="padding-top:32px;padding-right:31px;padding-bottom:33px;padding-left:6px;color:#313131;background-color:transparent;">
      <p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;margin-top:0;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;" class="">On 27 June 2025, the Democratic Republic of Congo and the Republic of Rwanda, represented by their Ministers of Foreign Affairs Therese Kayikwamba Wagner and Olivier Nduhungirehe, <a href="https://www.state.gov/peace-agreement-between-the-democratic-republic-of-the-congo-and-the-republic-of-rwanda/" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">signed a peace agreement</span></a> in Washington D.C.; under the aegis of the U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio. The peace agreement was negotiated by U.S. authorities with the support of the Government of Qatar. President Trump and Vice-President Vance later received Kayikwamba and Nduhungirehe for a <a href="https://www.facebook.com/watch/live/?ref=watch_permalink&amp;v=602561932887049" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">press conference</span></a> in the Oval Office. The below explains what is included in the deal, its timeline and implementation challenges, reactions from M23, Congolese civil society and the U.S. Congress, and maps out what’s coming ahead.</p><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;" class="">Don’t forget to also read PAEMA’s statement regarding the deal, <em><a href="https://www.paema.ngo/peace-at-what-cost" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">Peace at what price?</span></a></em>. For those who prefer audio formats, Po Na Biso, the Ebuteli Institute and Congo Research Group’s podcast, has come out with <a href="https://www.ebuteli.org/publications/podcasts/accord-de-washington-entre-la-rdc-et-le-rwanda-paix-sur-papier-flou-sur-le-terrain" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">a new episode</span></a> (in French) explaining the deal.</p>
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<table role="presentation" width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" bgcolor="#FAF9F4" class="text-section section-content">
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    <td valign="top" class="section-text-area section-content-cell" style="padding-top:12px;padding-right:32px;padding-bottom:28px;padding-left:12px;color:#313131;background-color:#faf9f4;">
      <h4 style="color:inherit;margin:1.414em 0 .5em;font-weight:400;line-height:1.25em;font-size:1.275em;mso-line-height-alt:1.275em;margin-top:0;font-family:'Andale Mono', 'Lucida Console', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace;letter-spacing:.04em;text-align:center;"><strong>WHAT IS INCLUDE IN THE PEACE AGREEMENT? </strong></h4><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;" class=""><em>(Read the full text <a href="https://www.state.gov/peace-agreement-between-the-democratic-republic-of-the-congo-and-the-republic-of-rwanda/" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">here</span></a>)<br></em>Key provisions of the agreement include ‘respect for territorial integrity’, the prohibition of hostilities and conditional integration of non-state armed actors, unhindered humanitarian access, and the establishment of a Joint Security Coordination Mechanism between DRC and Rwanda. The Mechanism will implement the Concept of Operations (CONOPS, <a href="https://www.state.gov/peace-agreement-between-the-democratic-republic-of-the-congo-and-the-republic-of-rwanda/" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">Appendix A of the agreement</span></a>) negotiated in Luanda in October 2024, establishing a plan for the neutralization of FDLR (Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda), a militia of former Rwandan genocidaires which the government of Rwanda deems an existential threat; and the subsequent withdrawal of Rwandan troops.</p><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;" class="">The agreement also establishes the pathway to&nbsp; the creation of a Regional Economic Integration Framework to ‘expand foreign trade and investment derived from regional critical mineral supply chains’ within three months of the signing of the Agreement. President Trump <a href="https://x.com/WhiteHouse/status/1938625348129739251" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;">indicated</a> the U.S. would secure ‘<a href="https://x.com/WhiteHouse/status/1938625348129739251" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">a lot of the mineral rights from the Congo</span></a>’, though the bilateral mineral deal between the U.S. and the DRC has yet to be signed.&nbsp;</p>
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<table role="presentation" width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" bgcolor="#FAF9F4" class="text-section section-content">
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    <td valign="top" class="section-text-area section-content-cell" style="padding-top:12px;padding-right:32px;padding-bottom:12px;padding-left:12px;color:#313131;background-color:#faf9f4;">
      <h4 style="color:inherit;margin:1.414em 0 .5em;font-weight:400;line-height:1.25em;font-size:1.275em;mso-line-height-alt:1.275em;margin-top:0;font-family:'Andale Mono', 'Lucida Console', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace;letter-spacing:.04em;text-align:center;"><strong>TIMELINE AND IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES</strong></h4><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;" class="">Despite initial U.S. demands for <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/us-wants-rwandan-troops-out-congo-before-peace-deal-signed-sources-say-2025-06-10/" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">immediate Rwandan troop withdrawal, Rwanda successfully made FDLR neutralization a prerequisite.</span></a> Ndunhungirehe stated&nbsp; during the signing ceremony that the neutralization of FDLR was the ‘bedrock of peace and security’ in the region and the necessary condition for the lifting of ‘Rwanda’s defensive measures’. Although the initial CONOPS draft planned for the elimination of FDLR and the subsequent withdrawal of Rwandan troops within 90 days of adoption, it is unclear whether this timeline still applies to the new deal.</p><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;" class="">A recent<a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/what-is-happening-congo-why-are-m23-rebels-fighting-2025-01-29/" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"> <span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">UN Security Council report obtained by Reuters</span></a> details Rwanda's command and control over M23 rebels active in North and South Kivu provinces. The report accuses Rwanda of providing "high-tech systems capable of neutralizing air assets" and systematic arms embargo violations, while noting that Rwanda's withdrawal of M23 from Walikale in April came through "direct instruction," confirming operational control. The report also states that, “sources within the Rwandan army and the Rwandan government claim that <a href="https://www.lesoir.be/685457/article/2025-07-02/kagame-soriente-vers-lannexion-de-lest-du-congo-selon-un-nouveau-rapport-de-lonu" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">Kigali's ultimate objective is control of Congolese territory and natural resources.</span></a>”</p><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;" class="">Asked whether the U.S. will be enforcing this agreement, President Trump <a href="https://x.com/WhiteHouse/status/1938690085395763266" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">warned of "very severe penalties"</span></a> for violations but stated parties must "enforce their own agreement." A Joint Oversight Committee including the African Union Facilitator (President Faure Gnassingbé of Togo), Qatar, and the United States should be established within forty five days, and will monitor the Agreement’s implementation.</p>
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<table role="presentation" width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" bgcolor="#FAF9F4" class="text-section section-content">
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    <td valign="top" class="section-text-area section-content-cell" style="padding-top:22px;padding-right:32px;padding-bottom:27px;padding-left:12px;color:#313131;background-color:#faf9f4;">
      <h4 style="color:inherit;margin:1.414em 0 .5em;font-weight:400;line-height:1.25em;font-size:1.275em;mso-line-height-alt:1.275em;margin-top:0;font-family:'Andale Mono', 'Lucida Console', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace;letter-spacing:.04em;text-align:center;"><strong>M23’S RESPONSE AND CONTINUING OPERATIONS</strong></h4><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;" class="">The agreement excludes M23 as a direct party, only mentioning support for <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/congo-m23-rebels-resume-peace-talks-doha-sources-say-2025-05-06/" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">ongoing Qatar-mediated negotiations</span>,</a> but does not include any condition regarding the cessation of Rwanda’s support to M23, or the cessation of hostilities by M23.&nbsp;<br><br>Corneille Nangaa, the leader of the Congo River Alliance (AFC), the coalition of rebel groups in eastern DRC that includes M23 as a member, <a href="https://actualite.cd/2025/06/30/rdc-un-pas-utile-mais-limite-lafcm23-prend-acte-de-laccord-de-washington" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">acknowledged the agreement</span></a> as "a limited but useful step" while denouncing as "unacceptable deception" any suggestion that the ongoing crisis is merely a Kinshasa-Kigali dispute rather than an intra-DRC political crisis. This confirms that M23 will likely not cease its offensive until it finds a political agreement with Kinshasa. The spokesperson for the AFC/M23 coalition announced a <a href="https://x.com/LawrenceKanyuka/status/1940444644443353323" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">press conference on Doha negotiations</span></a> scheduled for July 3, 2025, at 3 p.m. in Goma.</p>
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      <h4 style="color:inherit;margin:1.414em 0 .5em;font-weight:400;line-height:1.25em;font-size:1.275em;mso-line-height-alt:1.275em;margin-top:0;font-family:'Andale Mono', 'Lucida Console', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace;letter-spacing:.04em;text-align:center;"><strong>CONGOLESE CIVIL SOCIETY REACTIONS</strong></h4><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;" class="">Congolese civil society, excluded from negotiations, widely denounced the agreement as "sidelining human rights" and tantamount to "surrender of sovereignty." <a href="https://x.com/DenisMukwege/status/1938782525972722102?t=H9OaGDJlfhhi-EdVAaYhDA&amp;s=19" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">Dr. Denis Mukwege</span></a> criticized the agreement for legitimizing Rwandan troop presence by making withdrawal contingent on FDLR neutralisation and failing to recognize Rwanda as an "aggressor state" contrary to UN Security Council Resolution 2773.</p><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;" class="">However, Pamoja Kwa Amani, a coalition of civil society groups in North and South Kivu, offered a more nuanced response. While welcoming the agreement as ‘significant progress towards lasting peace,’ they deplored the absence of provisions for justice for war victims, stating that ‘no genuine lasting peace can be envisaged without justice’. The <a href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/66ad0be8ed0f4b24dda66a3a/t/6865a12546adc145e1df0361/1751490853502/PAK_Statement_30June25.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">coalition called on the U.S. government</span></a>, in their mediation role, to “work towards greater transparency in the ongoing negotiations, particularly regarding&nbsp; mining deals.” They warned that excluding Congolese people and local communities from decisions about their country's wealth ‘would sow the seeds of social conflicts’.</p><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;" class=""><a href="https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250627-accord-de-paix-rdc-rwanda-des-congolais-partag%C3%A9s-entre-espoir-et-scepticisme" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">Civilians also expressed skepticism</span></a> due to the fact that multiple failed accords have taken place in the past 30 years with complete impunity and the fact that questions around justice and compensation for victims of the conflict. “Without justice, there is no peace”.</p>
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      <h4 style="color:inherit;margin:1.414em 0 .5em;font-weight:400;line-height:1.25em;font-size:1.275em;mso-line-height-alt:1.275em;margin-top:0;font-family:'Andale Mono', 'Lucida Console', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace;letter-spacing:.04em;text-align:center;"><strong>U.S. CONGRESS REACTIONS</strong></h4><p class="" style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">In the U.S. Congress, Senate Foreign Relations Committee Chairman Jim Risch, who was in attendance at the signing ceremony, <a href="https://www.foreign.senate.gov/press/rep/release/risch-statement-on-drc-rwanda-peace-agreement" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">praised the agreement</span></a> while calling for ‘consequences if parties fail to deliver’.&nbsp;</p><p class="" style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">A group of <a href="https://www.foreign.senate.gov/press/dem/release/ranking-member-shaheen-senators-coons-booker-statement-on-the-ministerial-signing-of-the-peace-deal-between-the-democratic-republic-of-the-congo-and-rwanda" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">three Democratic Senators</span></a> <a href="https://www.foreign.senate.gov/press/dem/release/ranking-member-shaheen-senators-coons-booker-statement-on-the-ministerial-signing-of-the-peace-deal-between-the-democratic-republic-of-the-congo-and-rwanda" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;">urged enforcement</a>, underlining the need to swiftly increase access to humanitarian assistance. They also explicitly called on Rwanda to end M23 support (which the agreement does not do). Congressman <a href="https://democrats-foreignaffairs.house.gov/press-releases?ID=50F1F192-A26C-4A36-8D83-43607FC4063F" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">Gregory W. Meeks demanded reversal</span></a> by the Trump administration of "harmful foreign aid cuts," and an increase in humanitarian and development assistance.&nbsp;</p><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;" class="">Finally, Chris Smith, Chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Africa, <a href="https://chrissmith.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=414829" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">introduced a resolution</span></a> supporting the deal, ‘urging the immediate cessation of armed group activities, encouraging targeting sanctions, and supporting inclusive national dialogue’.</p>
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      <h4 style="color:inherit;margin:1.414em 0 .5em;font-weight:400;line-height:1.25em;font-size:1.275em;mso-line-height-alt:1.275em;margin-top:0;font-family:'Andale Mono', 'Lucida Console', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace;letter-spacing:.04em;text-align:center;"><strong>LOOKING AHEAD</strong></h4><p class="" style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">President Trump has <a href="https://www.africaintelligence.fr/afrique-ouest/2025/07/02/donald-trump-organise-son-premier-sommet-africain,110472401-art" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">invited Presidents Tshisekedi and Kagame to Washington in July </span></a>to sign the "<a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/rwanda-democratic-republic-congo-set-sign-peace-agreement-washington-2025-06-27/" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">Washington Accord</span></a>" package. <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/6/27/qatar-emphasises-peaceful-resolution-of-conflicts-after-drc-rwanda-deal" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">Qatar continues parallel M23-DRC negotiations</span></a> while U.S.-DRC and U.S.-Rwanda mineral deals negotiations remain ongoing.</p><p class="" style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Key challenges include implementation without coercive mechanisms, unclear U.S. long-term commitment, M23's continued territorial control and political ambitions, and domestic opposition from figures like <a href="https://www.dw.com/en/congo-ex-president-kabilas-return-fuels-rebel-controversy/a-72783321" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">Joseph Kabila</span></a> who have aligned with M23. The <a href="https://docs.un.org/s/2024/969" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">UN report's</span></a> documentation of systematic Rwandan military involvement raises questions about genuine commitment to withdrawal.</p><p class="" style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Lasting peace will require local community involvement, provisions for voluntary refugee return, and truth and reconciliation mechanisms—elements notably absent from the current Washington-led approach. Without addressing underlying roots of the conflict and ensuring justice for victims, the agreement risks joining the list of failed accords that have characterized the region's 30-year conflict cycle.</p>
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      <p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:center;" class="">If there is anything specifically you would like to see from this newsletter or if you have any feedback, we would love to hear from you. Please write to us at <a href="mailto:drcnews@paema.ngo" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">drcnews@paema.ngo</span></a> or leave a comment through this <a href="https://forms.gle/cwxXqsJDkgpDZMZb7" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;">anonymous form</a>.</p>
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      <p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;margin-top:0;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;" class="">Le 27 juin 2025, la République démocratique du Congo et la République du Rwanda, représentées par leurs ministres des Affaires étrangères Thérèse Kayikwamba Wagner et Olivier Nduhungirehe<a href="https://www.state.gov/peace-agreement-between-the-democratic-republic-of-the-congo-and-the-republic-of-rwanda/" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">, ont signé un accord de paix</span></a><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;"> </span>à Washington D.C., sous l'égide du secrétaire d'État américain Marco Rubio. L'accord de paix a été négocié par les autorités américaines avec le soutien du gouvernement du Qatar. Le président Trump et le vice-président Vance ont ensuite reçu Kayikwamba et Nduhungirehe pour une<a href="https://www.facebook.com/watch/live/?ref=watch_permalink&amp;v=602561932887049" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"> <span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">conférence de presse</span></a><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;"> </span>dans le Bureau ovale.&nbsp;</p><p class="" style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">N'oubliez pas de lire également la déclaration de PAEMA concernant cet accord,<em><a href="https://www.paema.ngo/peace-at-what-cost" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">La paix à quel prix ?</span></a></em>. Pour ceux qui préfèrent les formats audio, Po Na Biso, le podcast de l'Institut Ebuteli et du Congo Research Group, a publié<a href="https://www.ebuteli.org/publications/podcasts/accord-de-washington-entre-la-rdc-et-le-rwanda-paix-sur-papier-flou-sur-le-terrain" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">un nouvel épisode</span></a> (en français) expliquant cet accord.</p>
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    <td valign="top" class="section-text-area section-content-cell" style="padding-top:12px;padding-right:32px;padding-bottom:30px;padding-left:12px;color:#313131;background-color:#faf9f4;">
      <h4 style="color:inherit;margin:1.414em 0 .5em;font-weight:400;line-height:1.25em;font-size:1.275em;mso-line-height-alt:1.275em;margin-top:0;font-family:'Andale Mono', 'Lucida Console', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace;letter-spacing:.04em;text-align:center;"><strong>QUE CONTIENT L'ACCORD DE PAIX?</strong></h4><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;" class=""><em>(lire le texte complet<a href="https://www.state.gov/peace-agreement-between-the-democratic-republic-of-the-congo-and-the-republic-of-rwanda/" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"> <span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">ici</span></a>)<br></em>Les principales dispositions de l'accord incluent le respect de l'intégrité territoriale, l'interdiction des actes hostiles et l'intégration conditionnelle des groupes armés non étatiques, ainsi que l'accès humanitaire sans entrave. Il prévoit également la mise en place d'un mécanisme conjoint de coordination de la sécurité entre la RDC et le Rwanda. Ce mécanisme mettra en œuvre le concept d'opérations (CONOPS,<a href="https://www.state.gov/peace-agreement-between-the-democratic-republic-of-the-congo-and-the-republic-of-rwanda/" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"> <span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">annexe A de l'accord</span></a>) négocié à Luanda en octobre 2024, établissant un plan pour la neutralisation des FDLR (Forces démocratiques de libération du Rwanda), une milice d'anciens génocidaires rwandais que le gouvernement du Rwanda considère comme une menace existentielle, puis, une fois cette neutralisé achevée, le retrait des troupes rwandaises sera envisagé.</p><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;" class="">L'accord prévoit également la création d'un cadre d'intégration économique régionale pour développer le commerce extérieur et les investissements dérivés des chaînes d'approvisionnement régionales en minerais critiques, dans un délai de trois mois suivant la signature de l'accord. Le président Trump a déclaré que les États-Unis obtiendront "<a href="https://x.com/WhiteHouse/status/1938625348129739251" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">une grande partie des droits miniers du Congo</span></a>", bien qu’un accord bilatéral sur les minerais entre les États-Unis et la RDC n'ait pas encore été signé.</p>
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    <td valign="top" class="section-text-area section-content-cell" style="padding-top:12px;padding-right:32px;padding-bottom:31px;padding-left:12px;color:#313131;background-color:#faf9f4;">
      <h4 style="color:inherit;margin:1.414em 0 .5em;font-weight:400;line-height:1.25em;font-size:1.275em;mso-line-height-alt:1.275em;margin-top:0;font-family:'Andale Mono', 'Lucida Console', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace;letter-spacing:.04em;text-align:center;"><strong>D</strong>ÉFIS EN MATIÉRE DE CALENDRIER ET MODALITÉS DE MISE EN OEUVRE</h4><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;" class="">Malgré les exigences initiales des Etats-Unis pour un<a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/us-wants-rwandan-troops-out-congo-before-peace-deal-signed-sources-say-2025-06-10/" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"> <span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">retrait immédiat des troupes rwandaises, le Rwanda a réussi à faire de la neutralisation des FDLR une condition préalable à son retrait.</span></a> M. Ndunhungirehe a déclaré lors de la cérémonie de signature que la neutralisation des FDLR était le "fondement de la paix et de la sécurité" dans la région et la condition nécessaire à la levée des "mesures défensives du Rwanda". Bien que le projet initial du CONOPS prévoyait l'élimination des FDLR et le retrait des troupes rwandaises dans les 90 jours suivant son adoption, il n'est pas clair si ce calendrier s'applique toujours au nouvel accord.</p><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;" class="">Un récent<a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/what-is-happening-congo-why-are-m23-rebels-fighting-2025-01-29/" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"> <span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">rapport du Conseil de sécurité des Nations unies, obtenu par Reuters</span></a>, détaille le commandement et le contrôle exercés par le Rwanda sur les rebelles du M23 dans les provinces du Nord et du Sud-Kivu. Le rapport accuse le Rwanda de fournir des "systèmes de haute technologie capables de neutraliser les moyens aériens" et indique que le pays viole systématiquement l'embargo sur les armes. Il mentionne aussi que le retrait du M23 de Walikale en avril s'est fait par "instruction directe" du Rwanda,confirmant ainsi le contrôle opérationnel. Le rapport note également que « des sources au sein de l'armée rwandaise et du gouvernement rwandais affirment que l'objectif ultime de<a href="https://www.lesoir.be/685457/article/2025-07-02/kagame-soriente-vers-lannexion-de-lest-du-congo-selon-un-nouveau-rapport-de-lonu" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"> <span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">Kigali est de contrôler le territoire congolais et ses ressources naturelles ».</span></a></p><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;" class="">Interrogé sur l’application de l’accord, le président Trump <a href="https://x.com/WhiteHouse/status/1938690085395763266" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">a évoqué des “sanctions très sévères</span></a>”en cas de violation, mais a souligné que les parties devaient "appliquer leur propre accord". Un comité de surveillance conjoint comprenant le facilitateur de l'Union africaine (le<a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj3rr57vkxro" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"> <span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">président Faure Gnassingbé du Togo</span></a>), le Qatar et les États-Unis, sera mis en place dans&nbsp; quarante-cinq jours pour superviser la mise en œuvre de l'accord.</p>
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      <h4 style="color:inherit;margin:1.414em 0 .5em;font-weight:400;line-height:1.25em;font-size:1.275em;mso-line-height-alt:1.275em;margin-top:0;font-family:'Andale Mono', 'Lucida Console', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace;letter-spacing:.04em;text-align:center;"><strong>R</strong>É<strong>ACTION DU M23 ET POURSUITE DE SES ACTIVIT</strong>ÉS</h4><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;line-height:1.38;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:12pt;" class="">L'accord exclut le M23 en tant que partie directe au conflit, ne mentionnant que le soutien aux<a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/congo-m23-rebels-resume-peace-talks-doha-sources-say-2025-05-06/" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"> <span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">négociations en cours sous la médiation du Qatar</span>,</a> mais n'inclut aucune condition concernant le soutien du Rwanda au M23 ou la cessation des hostilités par le M23.&nbsp;</p><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;line-height:1.38;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:12pt;" class="">Corneille Nangaa, le leader de l'Alliance Fleuve Congo (AFC), le mouvement politico-militaire a l’Est de la RDC qui compte le M23 parmi ses membres, <a href="https://actualite.cd/2025/06/30/rdc-un-pas-utile-mais-limite-lafcm23-prend-acte-de-laccord-de-washington" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">&nbsp;a déclaré prendre acte de l'accord</span></a> qui constituait "un pas, certes limité, mais utile", tout en dénonçant comme une "supercherie inacceptable" toute l'idée que la crise actuelle se résumerait à un simple contentieux entre Kinshasa et Kigali. Il affirme que le M23 poursuivra son offensive tant qu’un accord politique avec Kinshasa ne sera pas trouvé. Un des porte-paroles de la coalition AFC/M23 a annoncé la tenue d’une<a href="https://x.com/LawrenceKanyuka/status/1940444644443353323" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">conférence de presse sur le bilan des négociations de Doha</span></a>&nbsp;le 3 juillet 2025 à 15 heures à Goma.</p>
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    <td valign="top" class="section-text-area section-content-cell" style="padding-top:12px;padding-right:32px;padding-bottom:12px;padding-left:12px;color:#313131;background-color:#faf9f4;">
      <h4 style="color:inherit;margin:1.414em 0 .5em;font-weight:400;line-height:1.25em;font-size:1.275em;mso-line-height-alt:1.275em;margin-top:0;font-family:'Andale Mono', 'Lucida Console', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace;letter-spacing:.04em;text-align:center;"><strong>R</strong>É<strong>ACTIONS DE LA SOCI</strong>ÉTÉ<strong> CIVILE CONGOLAISE</strong></h4><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;line-height:1.38;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:10pt;" class="">La société civile congolaise, exclue des négociations, a largement dénoncé l'accord comme étant "un mépris des droits de l'homme" et une "atteinte à la souveraineté de la RDC".&nbsp;<a href="https://x.com/DenisMukwege/status/1938782525972722102?t=H9OaGDJlfhhi-EdVAaYhDA&amp;s=19" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">Denis Mukwege</span></a> a reproché à l'accord de légitimer la présence des troupes rwandaises en subordonnant leur retrait à la neutralisation des FDLR et en ne reconnaissant pas officiellement&nbsp; le Rwanda comme un "État agresseur", contrairement à la résolution 2773 du Conseil de sécurité de l’ONU.</p><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;line-height:1.38;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:12pt;" class="">Cependant, Pamoja Kwa Amani, un consortium de plusieurs structures citoyennes du Nord et du Sud-Kivu, a <a href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/66ad0be8ed0f4b24dda66a3a/t/68656b4b6b0d4b7020c5c280/1751477067468/PamojaKwaAmaniStatement30June.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">apporté une réponse plus nuancée</span></a>. Tout en saluant l'accord comme “une avancée significative vers une paix durable”, ils ont déploré l'absence de dispositions relatives à la justice pour les victimes de la guerre, déclarant “qu'aucune véritable paix durable ne saurait être envisagée sans justice". La coalition a appelé le gouvernement américain, dans son rôle de médiateur, à "œuvrer pour une plus grande transparence dans les négociations en cours, en particulier en ce qui concerne les accords miniers". Elle a averti que l'exclusion du peuple congolais et des communautés locales des décisions concernant les richesses de leur pays "poserait germes de conflits sociaux".</p><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;line-height:1.38;margin-top:10pt;margin-bottom:12pt;" class="">Sur plusieurs forums, <a href="https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250627-accord-de-paix-rdc-rwanda-des-congolais-partag%C3%A9s-entre-espoir-et-scepticisme" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">les congolais lambda ont également exprimé leur scepticisme</span></a> en raison des échecs répétés de nombreux accords, et des questions non résolues de justice et d’indemnisation des victimes du conflit au cours des 30 dernières années;"Sans justice, il n'y a pas de paix".</p>
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      <h4 style="color:inherit;margin:1.414em 0 .5em;font-weight:400;line-height:1.25em;font-size:1.275em;mso-line-height-alt:1.275em;margin-top:0;font-family:'Andale Mono', 'Lucida Console', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace;letter-spacing:.04em;text-align:center;"><strong>R</strong>ÉACTIONS<strong> DU CONGR</strong>ÉS AMÉRICAIN</h4><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;line-height:1.38;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:12pt;" class="">Au Congrès américain, le président de la Commission des affaires étrangères du Sénat, Jim Risch, présent lors de la cérémonie de signature, a<a href="https://www.foreign.senate.gov/press/rep/release/risch-statement-on-drc-rwanda-peace-agreement" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"> <span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">fait l'éloge de l'accord</span></a> tout en appelant à des "conséquences si les parties ne respectent pas leurs engagements".&nbsp;</p><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;line-height:1.38;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:12pt;" class="">Un groupe de<a href="https://www.foreign.senate.gov/press/dem/release/ranking-member-shaheen-senators-coons-booker-statement-on-the-ministerial-signing-of-the-peace-deal-between-the-democratic-republic-of-the-congo-and-rwanda" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"> <span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">trois sénateurs démocrates</span> </a>a insisté sur l'application stricte de l'accord, soulignant la nécessité d'ouvrir rapidement l'accès à l'aide humanitaire. Ils ont également demandé explicitement au Rwanda de mettre fin à son&nbsp; soutien au M23, un point que l’accord ne mentionne pas. Gregory W. Meeks, membre de la Chambre des représentants, <a href="https://democrats-foreignaffairs.house.gov/press-releases?ID=50F1F192-A26C-4A36-8D83-43607FC4063F" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">a exigé</span></a> que l’administration Trump “annule les coupes budgétaires sur l’aide internationale” et qu’elle augmente le financement de l’aide humanitaire et au développement.&nbsp;</p><p class="" style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;line-height:1.618em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Chris Smith, membre républicain du Congrès, <a href="https://chrissmith.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=414829" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">a présenté une résolution</span></a><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;"> </span>soutenant l'accord, et "exhortant à la cessation immédiate des activités des groupes armés, encourageant des sanctions ciblées et soutenant un dialogue national inclusif".</p>
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      <h4 style="color:inherit;margin:1.414em 0 .5em;font-weight:400;line-height:1.25em;font-size:1.275em;mso-line-height-alt:1.275em;margin-top:0;font-family:'Andale Mono', 'Lucida Console', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace;letter-spacing:.04em;text-align:center;"><strong>LES DÉFIS A VENIR</strong></h4><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;line-height:1.38;margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:12pt;" class="">Le président Trump a<a href="https://www.africaintelligence.fr/afrique-ouest/2025/07/02/donald-trump-organise-son-premier-sommet-africain,110472401-art" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"> <span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">invité les présidents Tshisekedi et Kagame à Washington en juillet</span></a><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;"> </span>pour signer “l'<a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/rwanda-democratic-republic-congo-set-sign-peace-agreement-washington-2025-06-27/" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">Accord de Washington</span></a>".<a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/6/27/qatar-emphasises-peaceful-resolution-of-conflicts-after-drc-rwanda-deal" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"> <span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">Le Qatar poursuit des négociations parallèles entre le M23 et la RDC</span></a>, tandis que les négociations sur les accord miniers bilatéraux entre les États-Unis et la RDC, ainsi que&nbsp; les États-Unis et le Rwanda, se poursuivent.</p><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;line-height:1.38;margin-top:10pt;margin-bottom:12pt;" class="">Les principaux défis à relever et zones d’ombre sont la mise en œuvre en l’absence de mécanismes coercitifs, l'engagement incertain&nbsp; à long terme des États-Unis, le maintien du contrôle territorial et les ambitions politiques du M23, ainsi que les questions de politique intérieure avec la présence de figures de l'opposition telles que <a href="https://www.dw.com/en/congo-ex-president-kabilas-return-fuels-rebel-controversy/a-72783321" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">Joseph Kabila</span></a>, qui s'est aligné sur le M23. En outre, <a href="https://docs.un.org/s/2024/969" rel="nofollow" style="color:#3d884c !important;"><span style="font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;text-decoration:underline;">le rapport de l'ONU</span></a> documente l'implication systématique de l'armée rwandaise et soulève des questions quant à la sincérité de ses intentions de retrait.</p><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1.0625em;margin:0 0 1.25em 0;font-weight:normal;font-family:'Liberation Serif', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L Regular', Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;text-align:justify;white-space:normal !important;line-height:1.38;margin-top:10pt;margin-bottom:12pt;" class="">Une paix durable nécessitera l'implication des communautés locales, de dispositions pour le retour volontaire des réfugiés et la mise en place d’une commission pour la vérité et la réconciliation - des éléments notablement absents de l'approche actuelle de Washington. Si l'on ne s'attaque pas aux causes sous-jacentes du conflit et si l'on ne rend pas justice aux victimes, l'accord risque de se retrouver parmi les nombreux autres accords non aboutis qui ont caractérisé le cycle de conflits de la région au cours des 30 dernières années.&nbsp;</p>
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